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Foundations of Copyright Law
Foundations of Copyright Law
Copyright is a form of protection arising from the Patent and Copyright Clause of the U.S Constitution. Copyright protects the works of authors and artists to ensure their products are not unlawfully reproduced, distributed, performed, or displayed, acts that would deprive them of revenue and discourage further creative work. As new technologies have developed, copyright law has evolved to keep pace, thereby affording protection to works not originally contemplated by the framers of the Constitution, such computer programs.
The present act governing copyrights in the United States is the Copyright Act of 1976, which provides protection upon creation of a work in a fixed form rather than requiring publication of a work as a prerequisite to protection as did the previous Copyright Act of 1909. Rights arise automatically upon creation of a work, and no publication or registration with Copyright Office is required to secure copyright, although there are several advantages to registration.
INTRODUCTION TO COPYRIGHTS
Just as medieval merchants in guilds in English used trademarks on their wares to indicate the source of those products, mercantile in England prompted the first insistence upon protection for publication of books. When the invention of the printing press in about 1440 resulted in the ability to produce books by machine rather than by hand, bookbinders and printers demanded protection from copying of books. Authors also began to demand protection from unauthorized copying and demanded to share in the financial rewards the publishers ere winning. Finally, in 1710, Parliament enacted the first copyright statute, the Statute of Anne, which limited the formerly perpetual rights publishers were winning. Finally, in 1710, Parliament enacted the first copyright statute, the Statute of Anne, which limited the formerly perpetual rights publishers enjoyed to a period of fourteen years. Under the statute, damages for infringement were set at one penny for every sheet found in the infringer’s custody, one-half to go to the author, and one-half to go to the Crown. Authors were thus granted the right to control copying of their books. This grant of rights was called a copyright.
Just as trademark law protects the investment by merchants in the marks under which their goods are sold, copyright law protects the creators of books, music, and art by providing them with the exclusive right to reproduce their works and derive income from them. Protecting these rights fosters creative effort there would be little to be gained from investing and pouring effort into composing a song or writing a novel if others could reproduce the song or book at will without compensating its creator.
Not only is copyright at the center of the creative soul of artists, but it has a significant financial impact in the United States as well. Approximately 5 percent of the gross domestic products in the United States derive from copyright industries, including software, films, music, and television shows. Additionally, copyright piracy costs U.S. businesses an estimated $ 12.4 billion each year in lost revenues.
Copyright law in the United States stems from the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution, which provides that Congress shall have the power “to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors legislation to provide copyright protection for authors for limited period. Over time, the wording in the clause has been liberally interpreted to incorporate new technologies and protect new forms of expression as varieties of “writings”.
Congress enacted the first copyright act in 1790, and the first federal copy right registration was issued that same year to author John Barry for Philadelphia Spelling Book. Since 1790, the act has been subject to major revision on four occasions: in 1831, 1870, 1909, and 1976. The 1790 act provided copyright protection to maps, charts, and books, and set damages for infringement of published works in the sum of fifty cents for every sheet found in the infringer’s possession, one-half of the damages to go to the copyright owner, one-half to the federal government. Subsequent revisions to the 1790 act reflect a gradual expansion of the categories of works or “writings” that are entitled to protection. Thus, musical compositions, dramatic compositions, photographs, paintings, and sculpture were eventually included within the definition of copyrightable material. The present act provides protection to nearly anything that can be expressed in tangible form, including sound recordings, videotape, and computer software.
Copyright law strives to balance two competing interests; the interests of authors in protecting their works from unauthorized copying and the interest of the public in having the greatest possible access to works of authorship. United States copyright law is intended to stimulate the creation of new works of art, literature, music, sculpture, and other tangible forms of expression.
COMMON LAW RIGHTS AND RIGHTS UNDER THE 1976 COPYRIGHT ACT
Until January 1,1978 (the effective date of the 1976 Copyright Act), the United States had a dual system of copyright protection in that a distinction was drawn between unpublished works and those that were published. Until 1978, authors had a perpetual common law right to their unpublished works. Thus, the author of an unpublished manuscript could exclude other from copying the material forever. Once the work published, however, the common law perpetual copyright was then provided a period of protection up to fifty-six years. Publication is the distribution of copies of a work to the public for sale or other transfer of ownership, by rental, lease, or lending.
Because this dual nature of copyright protection was complex, and the point at which works became published often led to controversy, the 1976 act eliminated the distinction between unpublished and published work and provides simply that a work is protected from its creation, that is, ad soon as it created or fixed in some tangible form. Thus, even an unpublished manuscript is governed by the 1976 act inasmuch as it is created when the author sets the words down onto paper or types them into a computer.
Works published before the 1976 act, for example, Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms (published in 1929), are governed by the act in existence on the date of their publication. Hemingway’s book would thus be governed by the 1909 act.
Just as trademark rights arise from use and not from registration with the PTO, copyright rights arise from the creation of a work in fixed form and not from publication or registration or other action in the United States. No permission or application; however, just as securing a trademark registration from the right protection; however, just as securing a trademark registration from the PTO provides certain advantages to trademark owners, securing a copyright registration from the Copyright Office provides certain advantages to authors of works, including the following:
• Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim;
• Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, registration is necessary for works of U.S origin;
• If made before or within five years of publication, registration will establish prima facie evidence in soured of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate; and
• If registration is made within there months after publication of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and attorneys; fees will be available to the copyright owner in court actions (otherwise, only an award of actual damages and lost profits is available to the copyright owner).
Copyright protection generally lasts until seventy years from the death of the author. The 1976 Copyright Act is found at 17 U.S.C. $ 101-1101. (See Appendix E).
The 1976 Copyright Act has been amended several times. In 1980, specific protection was afforded to computer programs as works entitled to copyright protection. In 1989, the United States joined the Berner Union, an organization now comprising more than one hundred and thirty-five nations, by entering into an international treaty called the Berner Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Just as the Paris Conventions for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Just as the Paris Convention requires member nations to treat citizens of member nations as they do their own citizens with regard to trademarks, the Berner Convention requires member nations to treat citizens of member nations as they do their own citizens with regard to copyrights. To satisfy our obligations under the Berner treaty, Congress once again amended the 1976 Copyright Act by eliminating any requirement for a copyright notice to be used with a work (although use of the notice is recommended) and by requiring copyright applicants to submit two copies of a published work in which copyrights is claimed when they apply for copyright registration. In 1990, the Copyright Act was again amended to bring U.S. copyright law more into conformity with that of other Berne Union members, particularly with respect to rights of attribution and integrity for certain works of visual arts (see Chapter 11). The most recent significant amendment to the 1976 Copyright Act was enacted in late 1998, when Congress extended the duration of copyright to seventy years from an author’s death rather than fifty years from death as was previously the case. References in this text to the Copyright Act are references to the 1976 act.
THE UNITES STATES COPYRIGHT OFFICE
The U.S. Copyright Office is a division of the Library of Congress and is located in Washington, DC. Its address and telephone number are as follows: register of Copyrights, Copyrights Office, Library of Congress, 101 Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20559-6000 (2002/707-3000). Its chief officer is the Register of Copyrights, and its powers and procedures are established in the 1976 Copyright Act. The primary function of the Copyright Office is to issue copyright registration and serve as a depository for materials in which copyright is claimed. The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice and will not offer guidance on matters such as disputes over the ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, or other matters related to copyrights. It does, however, provide a variety of information, publications, circulars (information packets), and forms related to copyright, most of which are provided free of charge. Among the more useful publications and materials are the following:
• Forms for copyrights registration;
• Circular 1, “Copyright Basics”;
• Circular 2, “Publications of the Copyright Office”;
• Circular 3, “Copyright Native”;
• Circular 4, “Copyright Fees”;
• Circular 15, “Renewal of Copyright”;
• Circular 15a, “Duration of Copyright”;
• Circular 38a, “International Copyright Relation of the United States”;
• Circular 61, “Copyright Registration for Computer Program”;
• Kit 109, containing material, announcements, and forms relating to copyright registration for books; and
• Kit 113, containing material, announcement, and forms relating to copyright registration for computer programs.
To order copyright publication, write to:
Publication Section, LM-455
Copyright Office
Library of Congress
101 Independence Avenue SE
Washington, DC 20559-6000
ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROFESSIONAL
At this stage of copyright protection and prosecution, IP professionals will typically be engaged in general legal research relating to copyright ability of clients’ works. Additionally, IP professionals should contact the Copyright Office and begin creating form files for forms and publications related to copyrights. The files should be maintained in a central location, and indexes to the forms and publications should be circulated to all other IP professionals, Finally, IP professionals should routinely monitor the Copyright Office web site to keep informs of new developments in copyright law, check fee schedules, and determine whether the Copyright Office has implemented new procedures.
Alternatively, you call the Copyright Office “Forms and Circulars Hotline” at (202) 707-9100 (twenty-four hours a day). Orders are recorded automatically and materials will be mailed to you as quickly as possible, usually within two weeks.
Selected circulars and announcements are available via facsimile. Call (202) 707-2600 from any touch-tone telephone. Key in your fax number at the prompt and the document number of the item (s) you want. The item (s) will be transmitted to your fax machine. If you do not know the document number of the item (s) you want, you may request that a menu be faxed to you. You may order up to there items at a time. Copyright applications are not available by fax.
Finally, frequently requested Copyright Office Circulars, announcements, application forms, and the most recent proposed and final regulations are now available over the Internet. These documents may be examined and downloaded through the Library of Congress campus wide information system “LC Marvel”. To connect through the World Wide Web, enter http://leweb.loc.gov/copyright. this web site gives you access to information created by the Copyright Office and likes to a wide variety of other copyright resources. LC Marvel and World Wide Web access are available twenty-four hours a day, and no fees are charged to connect to these Internet resources.
The Copyright Office is in the process of implementing an electronic registration system that will enable applicants for registration to file their applications electronically and that will reduce processing time for registration.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In the United States, copyright law arises under the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution. The U.S. copyright laws have been amended several times, and the current governing statute is the Copyright Act of 1976. Copyright ensures that an author or creator of a work will derive benefits from his or her creation and will be protected from unauthorized use or copying of a work. Under the Copyright Act of 1909, a work has to be published to be protected under the act. The 1976 act. The 1976 act eliminated the requirement of publication and provides that copyright is secures automatically when the work is created. No publication or registration is necessary to secure copy right protection, although there are certain advantages to registration of a copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office.
Baca Lanjutan : Foundations of Copyright Law»»
Copyright is a form of protection arising from the Patent and Copyright Clause of the U.S Constitution. Copyright protects the works of authors and artists to ensure their products are not unlawfully reproduced, distributed, performed, or displayed, acts that would deprive them of revenue and discourage further creative work. As new technologies have developed, copyright law has evolved to keep pace, thereby affording protection to works not originally contemplated by the framers of the Constitution, such computer programs.
The present act governing copyrights in the United States is the Copyright Act of 1976, which provides protection upon creation of a work in a fixed form rather than requiring publication of a work as a prerequisite to protection as did the previous Copyright Act of 1909. Rights arise automatically upon creation of a work, and no publication or registration with Copyright Office is required to secure copyright, although there are several advantages to registration.
INTRODUCTION TO COPYRIGHTS
Just as medieval merchants in guilds in English used trademarks on their wares to indicate the source of those products, mercantile in England prompted the first insistence upon protection for publication of books. When the invention of the printing press in about 1440 resulted in the ability to produce books by machine rather than by hand, bookbinders and printers demanded protection from copying of books. Authors also began to demand protection from unauthorized copying and demanded to share in the financial rewards the publishers ere winning. Finally, in 1710, Parliament enacted the first copyright statute, the Statute of Anne, which limited the formerly perpetual rights publishers were winning. Finally, in 1710, Parliament enacted the first copyright statute, the Statute of Anne, which limited the formerly perpetual rights publishers enjoyed to a period of fourteen years. Under the statute, damages for infringement were set at one penny for every sheet found in the infringer’s custody, one-half to go to the author, and one-half to go to the Crown. Authors were thus granted the right to control copying of their books. This grant of rights was called a copyright.
Just as trademark law protects the investment by merchants in the marks under which their goods are sold, copyright law protects the creators of books, music, and art by providing them with the exclusive right to reproduce their works and derive income from them. Protecting these rights fosters creative effort there would be little to be gained from investing and pouring effort into composing a song or writing a novel if others could reproduce the song or book at will without compensating its creator.
Not only is copyright at the center of the creative soul of artists, but it has a significant financial impact in the United States as well. Approximately 5 percent of the gross domestic products in the United States derive from copyright industries, including software, films, music, and television shows. Additionally, copyright piracy costs U.S. businesses an estimated $ 12.4 billion each year in lost revenues.
Copyright law in the United States stems from the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution, which provides that Congress shall have the power “to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors legislation to provide copyright protection for authors for limited period. Over time, the wording in the clause has been liberally interpreted to incorporate new technologies and protect new forms of expression as varieties of “writings”.
Congress enacted the first copyright act in 1790, and the first federal copy right registration was issued that same year to author John Barry for Philadelphia Spelling Book. Since 1790, the act has been subject to major revision on four occasions: in 1831, 1870, 1909, and 1976. The 1790 act provided copyright protection to maps, charts, and books, and set damages for infringement of published works in the sum of fifty cents for every sheet found in the infringer’s possession, one-half of the damages to go to the copyright owner, one-half to the federal government. Subsequent revisions to the 1790 act reflect a gradual expansion of the categories of works or “writings” that are entitled to protection. Thus, musical compositions, dramatic compositions, photographs, paintings, and sculpture were eventually included within the definition of copyrightable material. The present act provides protection to nearly anything that can be expressed in tangible form, including sound recordings, videotape, and computer software.
Copyright law strives to balance two competing interests; the interests of authors in protecting their works from unauthorized copying and the interest of the public in having the greatest possible access to works of authorship. United States copyright law is intended to stimulate the creation of new works of art, literature, music, sculpture, and other tangible forms of expression.
COMMON LAW RIGHTS AND RIGHTS UNDER THE 1976 COPYRIGHT ACT
Until January 1,1978 (the effective date of the 1976 Copyright Act), the United States had a dual system of copyright protection in that a distinction was drawn between unpublished works and those that were published. Until 1978, authors had a perpetual common law right to their unpublished works. Thus, the author of an unpublished manuscript could exclude other from copying the material forever. Once the work published, however, the common law perpetual copyright was then provided a period of protection up to fifty-six years. Publication is the distribution of copies of a work to the public for sale or other transfer of ownership, by rental, lease, or lending.
Because this dual nature of copyright protection was complex, and the point at which works became published often led to controversy, the 1976 act eliminated the distinction between unpublished and published work and provides simply that a work is protected from its creation, that is, ad soon as it created or fixed in some tangible form. Thus, even an unpublished manuscript is governed by the 1976 act inasmuch as it is created when the author sets the words down onto paper or types them into a computer.
Works published before the 1976 act, for example, Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms (published in 1929), are governed by the act in existence on the date of their publication. Hemingway’s book would thus be governed by the 1909 act.
Just as trademark rights arise from use and not from registration with the PTO, copyright rights arise from the creation of a work in fixed form and not from publication or registration or other action in the United States. No permission or application; however, just as securing a trademark registration from the right protection; however, just as securing a trademark registration from the PTO provides certain advantages to trademark owners, securing a copyright registration from the Copyright Office provides certain advantages to authors of works, including the following:
• Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim;
• Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, registration is necessary for works of U.S origin;
• If made before or within five years of publication, registration will establish prima facie evidence in soured of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate; and
• If registration is made within there months after publication of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and attorneys; fees will be available to the copyright owner in court actions (otherwise, only an award of actual damages and lost profits is available to the copyright owner).
Copyright protection generally lasts until seventy years from the death of the author. The 1976 Copyright Act is found at 17 U.S.C. $ 101-1101. (See Appendix E).
The 1976 Copyright Act has been amended several times. In 1980, specific protection was afforded to computer programs as works entitled to copyright protection. In 1989, the United States joined the Berner Union, an organization now comprising more than one hundred and thirty-five nations, by entering into an international treaty called the Berner Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Just as the Paris Conventions for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Just as the Paris Convention requires member nations to treat citizens of member nations as they do their own citizens with regard to trademarks, the Berner Convention requires member nations to treat citizens of member nations as they do their own citizens with regard to copyrights. To satisfy our obligations under the Berner treaty, Congress once again amended the 1976 Copyright Act by eliminating any requirement for a copyright notice to be used with a work (although use of the notice is recommended) and by requiring copyright applicants to submit two copies of a published work in which copyrights is claimed when they apply for copyright registration. In 1990, the Copyright Act was again amended to bring U.S. copyright law more into conformity with that of other Berne Union members, particularly with respect to rights of attribution and integrity for certain works of visual arts (see Chapter 11). The most recent significant amendment to the 1976 Copyright Act was enacted in late 1998, when Congress extended the duration of copyright to seventy years from an author’s death rather than fifty years from death as was previously the case. References in this text to the Copyright Act are references to the 1976 act.
THE UNITES STATES COPYRIGHT OFFICE
The U.S. Copyright Office is a division of the Library of Congress and is located in Washington, DC. Its address and telephone number are as follows: register of Copyrights, Copyrights Office, Library of Congress, 101 Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20559-6000 (2002/707-3000). Its chief officer is the Register of Copyrights, and its powers and procedures are established in the 1976 Copyright Act. The primary function of the Copyright Office is to issue copyright registration and serve as a depository for materials in which copyright is claimed. The Copyright Office is not permitted to give legal advice and will not offer guidance on matters such as disputes over the ownership of a copyright, suits against possible infringers, or other matters related to copyrights. It does, however, provide a variety of information, publications, circulars (information packets), and forms related to copyright, most of which are provided free of charge. Among the more useful publications and materials are the following:
• Forms for copyrights registration;
• Circular 1, “Copyright Basics”;
• Circular 2, “Publications of the Copyright Office”;
• Circular 3, “Copyright Native”;
• Circular 4, “Copyright Fees”;
• Circular 15, “Renewal of Copyright”;
• Circular 15a, “Duration of Copyright”;
• Circular 38a, “International Copyright Relation of the United States”;
• Circular 61, “Copyright Registration for Computer Program”;
• Kit 109, containing material, announcements, and forms relating to copyright registration for books; and
• Kit 113, containing material, announcement, and forms relating to copyright registration for computer programs.
To order copyright publication, write to:
Publication Section, LM-455
Copyright Office
Library of Congress
101 Independence Avenue SE
Washington, DC 20559-6000
ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROFESSIONAL
At this stage of copyright protection and prosecution, IP professionals will typically be engaged in general legal research relating to copyright ability of clients’ works. Additionally, IP professionals should contact the Copyright Office and begin creating form files for forms and publications related to copyrights. The files should be maintained in a central location, and indexes to the forms and publications should be circulated to all other IP professionals, Finally, IP professionals should routinely monitor the Copyright Office web site to keep informs of new developments in copyright law, check fee schedules, and determine whether the Copyright Office has implemented new procedures.
Alternatively, you call the Copyright Office “Forms and Circulars Hotline” at (202) 707-9100 (twenty-four hours a day). Orders are recorded automatically and materials will be mailed to you as quickly as possible, usually within two weeks.
Selected circulars and announcements are available via facsimile. Call (202) 707-2600 from any touch-tone telephone. Key in your fax number at the prompt and the document number of the item (s) you want. The item (s) will be transmitted to your fax machine. If you do not know the document number of the item (s) you want, you may request that a menu be faxed to you. You may order up to there items at a time. Copyright applications are not available by fax.
Finally, frequently requested Copyright Office Circulars, announcements, application forms, and the most recent proposed and final regulations are now available over the Internet. These documents may be examined and downloaded through the Library of Congress campus wide information system “LC Marvel”. To connect through the World Wide Web, enter http://leweb.loc.gov/copyright. this web site gives you access to information created by the Copyright Office and likes to a wide variety of other copyright resources. LC Marvel and World Wide Web access are available twenty-four hours a day, and no fees are charged to connect to these Internet resources.
The Copyright Office is in the process of implementing an electronic registration system that will enable applicants for registration to file their applications electronically and that will reduce processing time for registration.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
In the United States, copyright law arises under the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution. The U.S. copyright laws have been amended several times, and the current governing statute is the Copyright Act of 1976. Copyright ensures that an author or creator of a work will derive benefits from his or her creation and will be protected from unauthorized use or copying of a work. Under the Copyright Act of 1909, a work has to be published to be protected under the act. The 1976 act. The 1976 act eliminated the requirement of publication and provides that copyright is secures automatically when the work is created. No publication or registration is necessary to secure copy right protection, although there are certain advantages to registration of a copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office.
Basic Concepts Work Safety And Health
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background
Occupational safety and health difilosofikan as a thought and effort to ensure the integrity and perfection of both physical and spiritual labor in particular and mankind in general, and cultural work towards a prosperous and prosperous society. While understanding the science is a science and its application in udaha prevent the possibility of accidents and illness due to work. Occupational health and safety (K3) can not be separated with both production processes and industrial services. Of development after Indonesia's independence led to the consequences of increasing the intensity of work also resulted in increased risk of accidents in the workplace. It would also result in increased demand for higher prevent accidents in the various forms and types of accident. Accordingly, the development progress is then implemented Law No. 14 of 1969 the main frame of the next labor changes to Law No. 12 of 2003 on labor.
In article 86 of Law No. 13 in 2003, stated that any work or labor has the right to the protection of occupational health and safety, morals and ethics and treatment in accordance with the dignity and religious values.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Prevention is the most effective
Two of the biggest things is the cause of working kecelakanaan namely unsafe behaviors and environmental conditions are not safe, according to data from the Bureau of Manpower Training, the cause of the accident had occurred so far are caused by unsafe behavior as follows:
1. Careless and imprudent
2. Does not comply with peratutan
3. Did not follow standard work procedures
4. Do not use self protection devices
5. The condition of weak entity
The percentage of occupational accidents causing 3% due to the cause can not be avoided (such as natural disasters), but it was 24% due to environmental or equipment that do not qualify and 73% due to unsafe behavior. Effective way to prevent accidents is to avoid the occurrence of five unsafe behavior mentioned above.
B. Type of Accident In Some Industrial Sector
Manufacturing (including electronics, metal production, etc.)
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Contact with hazardous wok
7. Fell, rolled
8. Fall of goods from the
9. Strong impact
10. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
Electronics (Manufacturing)
1. Cut, cut
2. Crushed, run over
3. Contact with chemicals
4. Gas leak
5. The decreasing of the hearing, eyesight
Metal Production (Manufacturing)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Fall, slip
Petrochemical (oil and coal production, rubber production, rubber production, plastics production)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Cut, cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Strong impact
Construction
1. Fall slip
2. Fall of goods from the
3. Stepped
4. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
5. Exposed to hot temperatures, cold temperatures
6. Fall, tumble
7. Squeezed, crushed
8. Hit
9. Improper act
10. Strong impact
Production of transportation equipment repair field
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Blast
C. Education Safety and Health
The goal of education health and safety is to prevent the accident, an effective way to prevent accidents is taking appropriate measures for labor and equipment, so that workers have the concept of occupational health and safety to prevent accidents.
Destination occupational health and safety to protect health workers, improve working efficiency, prevent the occurrence of occupational accidents and diseases.
Various safety and health at work
1. Anticipating the existence of the factors causing the danger and to take reasonable precautions before.
2. Understanding the types of hazards in the workplace.
3. Evaluating the level of danger in the workplace.
4. Controlling the occurrence of danger or complications.
Regulations concerning safety and health of workers who primarily safety and health law labor law and the detailed implementation of safety and health of workers.
Factors that cause common hazardous
1. Types of chemical hazards: inhalation or skin of contact between the liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons and ash, gas, steam steam, smoke and poisonous dew.
2. Hazards of physics: an environment hot and cold temperature, environment radiating ionizing and non ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Human danger because of the project: lighting and lighting that is less, the danger of transport, and the danger posed by the equipment.
How to control the threat of health hazards
1. Control techniques: changing work procedures, closing isolating hazardous materials, using automation work, using wet workings and ventilation air changes.
2. Administrative control: reducing the exposure time, arrange health and safety rules, wearing protective equipment, installing warning signs, make a list of materials data is safe, doing emergency training penangganan system.
3. Monitoring health: health checks
Why it is necessary to health and safety education work?
According to H. W. Heinrich, cause of work accidents are common unsafe behavior of 88%, environmental conditions are not safe for 10%, or both of the above occur simultaneously. Therefore, the implementation of safety training and health workers can prevent unsafe behavior and improve the environmental conditions are not safe.
For training purposes workforce have the knowledge and ability to prevent occupational accidents, developed the concept and habit of the importance of safety and health, to understand that there are dangers in the workplace and uses workplace accident prevention measures. Regulations that need to be obeyed Act Occupational Safety and Health arranged for labor, worker health and safety and training managers must follow safety and health. Object of education and training of work safety and health:
1. Officer safety and health
2. The manager of the operational safety and health
3. Machine operators and equipment is dangerous
4. Special operators
5. General operators
6. Officer examiners working environment conditions
7. Estimate of construction safety officer
8. Officers estimate the safety of production processes
9. Rescue
10. New labor or before labor get a job rotation.
Schedule and content of training programs tailored training objects with rules regarding the schedule and content of training programs. Principle analysis of occupational safety and health for the cause of all the layers, common layer to the basic cause, fully searchable, so it can be seen the core causes and make improvements.
Accident prevention work to prevent accidents, prior to beginning the introduction of hazards in the workplace, estimation, three-step control, in recognition of the danger to the confirmation
existence of hazards in the workplace, decide the influence of danger; in estimating there are known dangers to workers under threat of exposure or possible exposure, confirm whether exposure levels in accordance with the rules, understand the control equipment or whether the management measures according to the requirements; in controlling hazards need to be done controlling the source of danger, the danger of control lines, the additional control of exposure labor, establish security procedures.
Action handling after kecelakaan employment on Labor Protection Law and Accident Compensation, business owners at the start of labor use, should help workers to apply for employment insurance participation, to ensure workplace safety tenga. In addition, after a work accident, business owners must provide subsidies accident, when business owners do not sign up workforce participating labor insurance in accordance with the Employment Standards Act, the business owner will be fined.
D. Data Safety and Health in Industrial Electronics
a. Electronics Industry Characteristics
Characteristics of the electronic industry is operating the machinery or equipment with greater energy, machinery or equipment can operate automatically or semi-automatic or operated by using corrosive chemicals. Occupational accidents that occurred divided into 3 risk groups, namely: chemical hazards, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards.
1. Chemical hazards: inhalation or skin contact with liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons, dust, vapor steam, smoke, toxic gases and moisture.
2. Physical Hazards: temperature extremes of hot environments cool, non-ionizing radiation and ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Ergonomic hazards: hazards due to lack of lighting, work transportation and equipment.
b. Case Analysis
Eleltronik industrial equipment mostly high voltage electricity, which caused the accident rate is different. From the selected sample cases below, a lot of accidents resulting in death was trapped and crushed. Other types of accidents can also cause serious accidents. With the example case below is expected to make business owners and workers understand the importance of occupational safety and health. Three stages cause of the accident which will be analyzed:
1. Common cause: the main cause of accidents resulting in occupational safety and health.
2. Causes detail: the causes leading to the common cause.
3. Main cause of: the most basic causes leading to accidents.
After each stage of the causes described, will be given an additional explanation about the environmental conditions are not safe and unsafe behavior.
Unsafe environment: business owners do not provide the equipment and safe procedures for working environment, work schedules are not appropriate, and training of occupational safety and health is not efficient, and so forth.
Behavior that is not work safe: a consequence of the absence of safety culture and health, workers who do not comply with applicable procedures, and the attitude of the heart lack of attention in the work.
Classification on the outline done, in some situations can occur at the same accident, based on the point of discussion could produce different things, so that the flexible scope.
The last section is given some strategies to improve the situation improved quality of working environment and increase productivity.
c. Pinch Crushed
Case Title: Death that occurs because the carrier machine crushed raw material storage area melanism. Operators Female, 25 years, 1.5 years work experience working task in to add a liquid drug reservoirs melanism time in May of X at about 5 pm the scene of the production line equipment or object that caused the accident carriers machines raw materials, machinery stanchion carrying the sequence of events.
On a day around 4:30-5:00 pm, a manager of an electronics company production was on an inspection tour in melanism production line, everything went normal. In the evening hours of 9:20, when he conducted an inspection again, through the front door looks the production line workers have melanism reservoirs sandwiched between the basic raw material delivery machine and the pole, his face
leads to drug liquid bath, through the operation of the machine, he eventually can be moved and taken to the hospital to get help, 1 hour later the victim died. Melanism production lines in length 11 meters, 2.1 meters wide. Equipment used is a machine that works automatically, the line consists of bath water washing, acid washing tub, melanism reservoirs and other tub.
Along the right side and left there like a pole 10 x 10 cm every 2 meters distance. Walking path made against the pole with a distance of 1.8 meters from the floor and raw material delivery machine operating in the running lane.
Common Cause
1. Production line does not have security isolation equipment (figure 2.2). (unsafe environment)
2. No help or supervise the workers, the whole point there is only a worker who works alone.
3. There is no safety and health supervisor who did the inspection work. (unsafe environment).
4. Does not provide safety training and health to workers, knowledge workers will be safety and health is still lacking. (unsafe behavior).
5. No set rules safety and health in order to be obeyed by the workers. (unsafe behavior). Causes detailed 1. Business owners do not provide safety equipment and adequate health. (unsafe environment).
Provision of a lack of manpower made it impossible to work 2 people working together. (unsafe environment).
The company is not large (small amount of labor) that does not meet the regulatory supervision of the establishment of occupational health and safety and the lack of oversight in the workplace. (unsafe environment).
The company ignored the importance of training health and safety and do not provide track information relating to occupational safety and health. (unsafe environment).
Main Causes
1. The Company does not have the manpower allocation planning is detailed in each section. (An unsafe environment).
2. Knowledge of the importance of occupational health and safety at the company is not sufficient. (environmental and unsafe behavior).
Control Strategy
1. Officers formed part of occupational health and safety and to check equipment and routine operation.
2. Workers are required to follow safety and health training and include examples of work this case as subject matter, knowledge workers will increase the safety and health in order to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents.
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform inspections in strict working procedures.
5. Planning manpower allocation.
6. Making safety devices and equipment insulation otomastis stopping in an emergency, etc., so that workers have protective equipment.
Pinch crushed
Case Title: Deaths due to squeezed vacuum the bottom sheet when the switching machine operators operate a deputy supervisor surnamed Shen and a technician named Cien Duty 2 people working the switching engine to operate at the same sheet, using a knife to cut the copper sheet in July in time about an hour X 6:40 pm the scene of the production line equipment or objects that caused the accident which hampered knife, suction device on the copper sheet
mover machine sheet sequence of events in an IT company (Industry and Technology), a technician named Cien which was originally located in the coating of glue, on a night to operate the transfer sheet together with an assistant engineer surnamed Chai. Around 06:40 hours, Shen deputy superintendent engineer (the victim surnamed Shen) transfer working Chai assistant engineer to check the sheet, then deputy superintendent was to operate the sheet mover with this technician.
Within tens of minutes, they cut more than 20 pieces of copper, about 7 hours they use knives to cut the copper sheet, simultaneously hampered at the bottom of copper sheet (the reason may be due to hampered cutting corners or blade has a blunt, a knife about about 70-80 pieces of cut copper, after which it must be replaced with a new blade, if not then the knives will be hampered in the bottom of copper sheet having a blunt).
Cien technicians pulled the knife and started cutting the copper sheet again, deputy superintendent Shen knife may be too late, but it was because he had put a nylon cord to the hole and drive the automatic lift, because they want to save time, she put her head under vacuum tool to install knife, finally his head stuck in the bottom tool suction sheet forklift moving down to take 13ke copper sheet (figure 2.3). Because the new Cien technicians moved to the 3-day working area of the switching machine, he did not master the workings of these machines, so that at the time immediately called for assistance of other workers to operate the transfer sheet and help supervisors Shen representatives, but representatives of the supervisory pulse had stopped breathing and broken lines. Stages common cause causes Description
1. On the sheet forklift accidents are not easily installed means of isolation precautions to separate the workers approached the machine. (unsafe environment).
2. Knife hampered by machines and can not be immediately released. (unsafe environment).
3. Emergency button does not appear prominently, so that technicians could not immediately Cien pressing the button to stop the machine. (unsafe environment).
4. Deputy superintendent has the wrong view of occupational health and safety, making machines that had become semi-automatic and automatic operation of the body near the machine area. (unsafe behavior).
Detailed Causes
1. Business owners do not provide safety and health are adequate. (unsafe environment).
2. The blunt knife very easily hindered, does not require equipment providers to redesign how machines work. (unsafe environment).
3. Supervisors in automated production lines did not stop the unsafe behavior of representatives supervisor Shen. (unsafe environment).
Analysis
Main Causes
1. The Company does not install insulation equipment where accidents happen easily. (unsafe environment)
2. The Company does not have a policy requiring the job to work in accordance with work procedures or equipment repair. (unsafe behavior).
3. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior).
Strategy
Control
1. It really runs the supervision of work, eliminate the causes of unsafe behavior and unsafe environment.
2. Provide education and training of occupational health and safety in the field of work is needed to pekerjaa. And put this case in the subject matter, in order to increase knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent similar accidents
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly
5. Creating a separate protection equipment and machinery, and emergency stopping devices, etc., as a means of protection for officers.
6. Running the system of rewards and punishment, forcing the work to comply with the standard procedures of work
7. Improve operating procedures and equipment cutting blades eliminate problems that hampered the copper sheet.
8. Tools exploiters forklift flat base sheet.
E. Hit
Case Title: Deaths due to hit hanger tool automatically when the PCB with nickel melapisis service officer male, 25 years of work tasks on an inspection tour in BGA PCB production line in April in time X about 8 am Area scene in the automatic production line equipment or objects accident causing an automatic machine hanger.
The sequence of events in one day about 8 o'clock, supervisors A and B working together on an inspection tour at the point p [BGA PCB coating roduksi with nickel. Worker B gets a phone call that went to the office in front of the raw material income areas to take the call. Approximately 2 minutes later, he returned to the area earlier in the production line and see the inspector A has been lying facedown on the floor near the water washing bath area, his head bleeding, his head facing down and his feet were on the floor next to the security network, covered the back of a safety net. After that he immediately sent to the hospital to get help, but can not be saved and died.
Stages Causes Description
Common Cause
1. Entering the area of automatic operation without turning off the engine first, this is an unsafe behavior, can be seen the concept of occupational safety and health is not good enough. (behavior that is not secure)
2. Production line has no other supervisors, and not equipped with recording equipment. (unsafe environment)
Analysis
Detailed Causes
1. Lack the concept of job safety and health enough so as to bring himself in a dangerous area. (unsafe behavior).
2. The Company does not install an alarm warning of abnormal conditions, in order to prevent people who are not interested in entering the operations area. (Unsafe environment)
Main Causes
1. The Company does not force the workers to obey the standard procedures of work. (behavior that is not secure)
2. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of safety knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior)
Strategy
Control
1. Job training required occupational health and safety and includes examples of this case as subject matter, increasing knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents
2. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented in a mandatory
3. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
The cases of accidents, probably caused by an unsafe environment or unsafe behavior. Both business owners and work together to actualize the job safety and health, work all the time to report on the causes of unsafe work environment for business owners, business owners responsible for environmental improvement, correcting the behavior of insecure workers. This concept depends on the education and training of occupational safety and health in the long term, to form the safety culture and health, improving working conditions completely, become good corporate figures, so that they can help each other create jobs, ensure smooth production, achieving zero accident.
B. Advice
Gratitude to the lecturers health courses that have been given the task of this paper to me. In the preparation of this paper the author realized that there are still many things that were not clear whether it dlaam collecting material and in the writing of this paper. Therefore, authors are expected ktitikan, input / suggestions from all parties who are building for the completeness of this paper. Thanks
Baca Lanjutan : Basic Concepts Work Safety And Health»»
INTRODUCTION
Background
Occupational safety and health difilosofikan as a thought and effort to ensure the integrity and perfection of both physical and spiritual labor in particular and mankind in general, and cultural work towards a prosperous and prosperous society. While understanding the science is a science and its application in udaha prevent the possibility of accidents and illness due to work. Occupational health and safety (K3) can not be separated with both production processes and industrial services. Of development after Indonesia's independence led to the consequences of increasing the intensity of work also resulted in increased risk of accidents in the workplace. It would also result in increased demand for higher prevent accidents in the various forms and types of accident. Accordingly, the development progress is then implemented Law No. 14 of 1969 the main frame of the next labor changes to Law No. 12 of 2003 on labor.
In article 86 of Law No. 13 in 2003, stated that any work or labor has the right to the protection of occupational health and safety, morals and ethics and treatment in accordance with the dignity and religious values.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Prevention is the most effective
Two of the biggest things is the cause of working kecelakanaan namely unsafe behaviors and environmental conditions are not safe, according to data from the Bureau of Manpower Training, the cause of the accident had occurred so far are caused by unsafe behavior as follows:
1. Careless and imprudent
2. Does not comply with peratutan
3. Did not follow standard work procedures
4. Do not use self protection devices
5. The condition of weak entity
The percentage of occupational accidents causing 3% due to the cause can not be avoided (such as natural disasters), but it was 24% due to environmental or equipment that do not qualify and 73% due to unsafe behavior. Effective way to prevent accidents is to avoid the occurrence of five unsafe behavior mentioned above.
B. Type of Accident In Some Industrial Sector
Manufacturing (including electronics, metal production, etc.)
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Contact with hazardous wok
7. Fell, rolled
8. Fall of goods from the
9. Strong impact
10. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
Electronics (Manufacturing)
1. Cut, cut
2. Crushed, run over
3. Contact with chemicals
4. Gas leak
5. The decreasing of the hearing, eyesight
Metal Production (Manufacturing)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Fall, slip
Petrochemical (oil and coal production, rubber production, rubber production, plastics production)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Cut, cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Strong impact
Construction
1. Fall slip
2. Fall of goods from the
3. Stepped
4. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
5. Exposed to hot temperatures, cold temperatures
6. Fall, tumble
7. Squeezed, crushed
8. Hit
9. Improper act
10. Strong impact
Production of transportation equipment repair field
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Blast
C. Education Safety and Health
The goal of education health and safety is to prevent the accident, an effective way to prevent accidents is taking appropriate measures for labor and equipment, so that workers have the concept of occupational health and safety to prevent accidents.
Destination occupational health and safety to protect health workers, improve working efficiency, prevent the occurrence of occupational accidents and diseases.
Various safety and health at work
1. Anticipating the existence of the factors causing the danger and to take reasonable precautions before.
2. Understanding the types of hazards in the workplace.
3. Evaluating the level of danger in the workplace.
4. Controlling the occurrence of danger or complications.
Regulations concerning safety and health of workers who primarily safety and health law labor law and the detailed implementation of safety and health of workers.
Factors that cause common hazardous
1. Types of chemical hazards: inhalation or skin of contact between the liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons and ash, gas, steam steam, smoke and poisonous dew.
2. Hazards of physics: an environment hot and cold temperature, environment radiating ionizing and non ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Human danger because of the project: lighting and lighting that is less, the danger of transport, and the danger posed by the equipment.
How to control the threat of health hazards
1. Control techniques: changing work procedures, closing isolating hazardous materials, using automation work, using wet workings and ventilation air changes.
2. Administrative control: reducing the exposure time, arrange health and safety rules, wearing protective equipment, installing warning signs, make a list of materials data is safe, doing emergency training penangganan system.
3. Monitoring health: health checks
Why it is necessary to health and safety education work?
According to H. W. Heinrich, cause of work accidents are common unsafe behavior of 88%, environmental conditions are not safe for 10%, or both of the above occur simultaneously. Therefore, the implementation of safety training and health workers can prevent unsafe behavior and improve the environmental conditions are not safe.
For training purposes workforce have the knowledge and ability to prevent occupational accidents, developed the concept and habit of the importance of safety and health, to understand that there are dangers in the workplace and uses workplace accident prevention measures. Regulations that need to be obeyed Act Occupational Safety and Health arranged for labor, worker health and safety and training managers must follow safety and health. Object of education and training of work safety and health:
1. Officer safety and health
2. The manager of the operational safety and health
3. Machine operators and equipment is dangerous
4. Special operators
5. General operators
6. Officer examiners working environment conditions
7. Estimate of construction safety officer
8. Officers estimate the safety of production processes
9. Rescue
10. New labor or before labor get a job rotation.
Schedule and content of training programs tailored training objects with rules regarding the schedule and content of training programs. Principle analysis of occupational safety and health for the cause of all the layers, common layer to the basic cause, fully searchable, so it can be seen the core causes and make improvements.
Accident prevention work to prevent accidents, prior to beginning the introduction of hazards in the workplace, estimation, three-step control, in recognition of the danger to the confirmation
existence of hazards in the workplace, decide the influence of danger; in estimating there are known dangers to workers under threat of exposure or possible exposure, confirm whether exposure levels in accordance with the rules, understand the control equipment or whether the management measures according to the requirements; in controlling hazards need to be done controlling the source of danger, the danger of control lines, the additional control of exposure labor, establish security procedures.
Action handling after kecelakaan employment on Labor Protection Law and Accident Compensation, business owners at the start of labor use, should help workers to apply for employment insurance participation, to ensure workplace safety tenga. In addition, after a work accident, business owners must provide subsidies accident, when business owners do not sign up workforce participating labor insurance in accordance with the Employment Standards Act, the business owner will be fined.
D. Data Safety and Health in Industrial Electronics
a. Electronics Industry Characteristics
Characteristics of the electronic industry is operating the machinery or equipment with greater energy, machinery or equipment can operate automatically or semi-automatic or operated by using corrosive chemicals. Occupational accidents that occurred divided into 3 risk groups, namely: chemical hazards, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards.
1. Chemical hazards: inhalation or skin contact with liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons, dust, vapor steam, smoke, toxic gases and moisture.
2. Physical Hazards: temperature extremes of hot environments cool, non-ionizing radiation and ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Ergonomic hazards: hazards due to lack of lighting, work transportation and equipment.
b. Case Analysis
Eleltronik industrial equipment mostly high voltage electricity, which caused the accident rate is different. From the selected sample cases below, a lot of accidents resulting in death was trapped and crushed. Other types of accidents can also cause serious accidents. With the example case below is expected to make business owners and workers understand the importance of occupational safety and health. Three stages cause of the accident which will be analyzed:
1. Common cause: the main cause of accidents resulting in occupational safety and health.
2. Causes detail: the causes leading to the common cause.
3. Main cause of: the most basic causes leading to accidents.
After each stage of the causes described, will be given an additional explanation about the environmental conditions are not safe and unsafe behavior.
Unsafe environment: business owners do not provide the equipment and safe procedures for working environment, work schedules are not appropriate, and training of occupational safety and health is not efficient, and so forth.
Behavior that is not work safe: a consequence of the absence of safety culture and health, workers who do not comply with applicable procedures, and the attitude of the heart lack of attention in the work.
Classification on the outline done, in some situations can occur at the same accident, based on the point of discussion could produce different things, so that the flexible scope.
The last section is given some strategies to improve the situation improved quality of working environment and increase productivity.
c. Pinch Crushed
Case Title: Death that occurs because the carrier machine crushed raw material storage area melanism. Operators Female, 25 years, 1.5 years work experience working task in to add a liquid drug reservoirs melanism time in May of X at about 5 pm the scene of the production line equipment or object that caused the accident carriers machines raw materials, machinery stanchion carrying the sequence of events.
On a day around 4:30-5:00 pm, a manager of an electronics company production was on an inspection tour in melanism production line, everything went normal. In the evening hours of 9:20, when he conducted an inspection again, through the front door looks the production line workers have melanism reservoirs sandwiched between the basic raw material delivery machine and the pole, his face
leads to drug liquid bath, through the operation of the machine, he eventually can be moved and taken to the hospital to get help, 1 hour later the victim died. Melanism production lines in length 11 meters, 2.1 meters wide. Equipment used is a machine that works automatically, the line consists of bath water washing, acid washing tub, melanism reservoirs and other tub.
Along the right side and left there like a pole 10 x 10 cm every 2 meters distance. Walking path made against the pole with a distance of 1.8 meters from the floor and raw material delivery machine operating in the running lane.
Common Cause
1. Production line does not have security isolation equipment (figure 2.2). (unsafe environment)
2. No help or supervise the workers, the whole point there is only a worker who works alone.
3. There is no safety and health supervisor who did the inspection work. (unsafe environment).
4. Does not provide safety training and health to workers, knowledge workers will be safety and health is still lacking. (unsafe behavior).
5. No set rules safety and health in order to be obeyed by the workers. (unsafe behavior). Causes detailed 1. Business owners do not provide safety equipment and adequate health. (unsafe environment).
Provision of a lack of manpower made it impossible to work 2 people working together. (unsafe environment).
The company is not large (small amount of labor) that does not meet the regulatory supervision of the establishment of occupational health and safety and the lack of oversight in the workplace. (unsafe environment).
The company ignored the importance of training health and safety and do not provide track information relating to occupational safety and health. (unsafe environment).
Main Causes
1. The Company does not have the manpower allocation planning is detailed in each section. (An unsafe environment).
2. Knowledge of the importance of occupational health and safety at the company is not sufficient. (environmental and unsafe behavior).
Control Strategy
1. Officers formed part of occupational health and safety and to check equipment and routine operation.
2. Workers are required to follow safety and health training and include examples of work this case as subject matter, knowledge workers will increase the safety and health in order to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents.
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform inspections in strict working procedures.
5. Planning manpower allocation.
6. Making safety devices and equipment insulation otomastis stopping in an emergency, etc., so that workers have protective equipment.
Pinch crushed
Case Title: Deaths due to squeezed vacuum the bottom sheet when the switching machine operators operate a deputy supervisor surnamed Shen and a technician named Cien Duty 2 people working the switching engine to operate at the same sheet, using a knife to cut the copper sheet in July in time about an hour X 6:40 pm the scene of the production line equipment or objects that caused the accident which hampered knife, suction device on the copper sheet
mover machine sheet sequence of events in an IT company (Industry and Technology), a technician named Cien which was originally located in the coating of glue, on a night to operate the transfer sheet together with an assistant engineer surnamed Chai. Around 06:40 hours, Shen deputy superintendent engineer (the victim surnamed Shen) transfer working Chai assistant engineer to check the sheet, then deputy superintendent was to operate the sheet mover with this technician.
Within tens of minutes, they cut more than 20 pieces of copper, about 7 hours they use knives to cut the copper sheet, simultaneously hampered at the bottom of copper sheet (the reason may be due to hampered cutting corners or blade has a blunt, a knife about about 70-80 pieces of cut copper, after which it must be replaced with a new blade, if not then the knives will be hampered in the bottom of copper sheet having a blunt).
Cien technicians pulled the knife and started cutting the copper sheet again, deputy superintendent Shen knife may be too late, but it was because he had put a nylon cord to the hole and drive the automatic lift, because they want to save time, she put her head under vacuum tool to install knife, finally his head stuck in the bottom tool suction sheet forklift moving down to take 13ke copper sheet (figure 2.3). Because the new Cien technicians moved to the 3-day working area of the switching machine, he did not master the workings of these machines, so that at the time immediately called for assistance of other workers to operate the transfer sheet and help supervisors Shen representatives, but representatives of the supervisory pulse had stopped breathing and broken lines. Stages common cause causes Description
1. On the sheet forklift accidents are not easily installed means of isolation precautions to separate the workers approached the machine. (unsafe environment).
2. Knife hampered by machines and can not be immediately released. (unsafe environment).
3. Emergency button does not appear prominently, so that technicians could not immediately Cien pressing the button to stop the machine. (unsafe environment).
4. Deputy superintendent has the wrong view of occupational health and safety, making machines that had become semi-automatic and automatic operation of the body near the machine area. (unsafe behavior).
Detailed Causes
1. Business owners do not provide safety and health are adequate. (unsafe environment).
2. The blunt knife very easily hindered, does not require equipment providers to redesign how machines work. (unsafe environment).
3. Supervisors in automated production lines did not stop the unsafe behavior of representatives supervisor Shen. (unsafe environment).
Analysis
Main Causes
1. The Company does not install insulation equipment where accidents happen easily. (unsafe environment)
2. The Company does not have a policy requiring the job to work in accordance with work procedures or equipment repair. (unsafe behavior).
3. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior).
Strategy
Control
1. It really runs the supervision of work, eliminate the causes of unsafe behavior and unsafe environment.
2. Provide education and training of occupational health and safety in the field of work is needed to pekerjaa. And put this case in the subject matter, in order to increase knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent similar accidents
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly
5. Creating a separate protection equipment and machinery, and emergency stopping devices, etc., as a means of protection for officers.
6. Running the system of rewards and punishment, forcing the work to comply with the standard procedures of work
7. Improve operating procedures and equipment cutting blades eliminate problems that hampered the copper sheet.
8. Tools exploiters forklift flat base sheet.
E. Hit
Case Title: Deaths due to hit hanger tool automatically when the PCB with nickel melapisis service officer male, 25 years of work tasks on an inspection tour in BGA PCB production line in April in time X about 8 am Area scene in the automatic production line equipment or objects accident causing an automatic machine hanger.
The sequence of events in one day about 8 o'clock, supervisors A and B working together on an inspection tour at the point p [BGA PCB coating roduksi with nickel. Worker B gets a phone call that went to the office in front of the raw material income areas to take the call. Approximately 2 minutes later, he returned to the area earlier in the production line and see the inspector A has been lying facedown on the floor near the water washing bath area, his head bleeding, his head facing down and his feet were on the floor next to the security network, covered the back of a safety net. After that he immediately sent to the hospital to get help, but can not be saved and died.
Stages Causes Description
Common Cause
1. Entering the area of automatic operation without turning off the engine first, this is an unsafe behavior, can be seen the concept of occupational safety and health is not good enough. (behavior that is not secure)
2. Production line has no other supervisors, and not equipped with recording equipment. (unsafe environment)
Analysis
Detailed Causes
1. Lack the concept of job safety and health enough so as to bring himself in a dangerous area. (unsafe behavior).
2. The Company does not install an alarm warning of abnormal conditions, in order to prevent people who are not interested in entering the operations area. (Unsafe environment)
Main Causes
1. The Company does not force the workers to obey the standard procedures of work. (behavior that is not secure)
2. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of safety knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior)
Strategy
Control
1. Job training required occupational health and safety and includes examples of this case as subject matter, increasing knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents
2. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented in a mandatory
3. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
The cases of accidents, probably caused by an unsafe environment or unsafe behavior. Both business owners and work together to actualize the job safety and health, work all the time to report on the causes of unsafe work environment for business owners, business owners responsible for environmental improvement, correcting the behavior of insecure workers. This concept depends on the education and training of occupational safety and health in the long term, to form the safety culture and health, improving working conditions completely, become good corporate figures, so that they can help each other create jobs, ensure smooth production, achieving zero accident.
B. Advice
Gratitude to the lecturers health courses that have been given the task of this paper to me. In the preparation of this paper the author realized that there are still many things that were not clear whether it dlaam collecting material and in the writing of this paper. Therefore, authors are expected ktitikan, input / suggestions from all parties who are building for the completeness of this paper. Thanks
The Importance Of Reading For Teens Muslim
Joy of Reading Youth Print
Reading is the need of every human being to increase and the liver and Wasilah as a means to gain knowledge. So, reading is one of the largest window for the entry of a knowledge of themselves my friends. Imam al-Shafi'I had delivered one stanza in his poem "learn! No one born in a state of knowledge, people who have the knowledge is not the same as those that eliminate ignorance itself, including the self-friends as a teenager. My friends were born from the womb of a mother with no knowledge at all equipped. My friends were packed hearing, sight, silly.
Imam al-Jarnuji quoting the opinion which confirms that success in learning is very dependent on the persistence of three people: his own friends, teachers and parents. Parents have a role to make a character of their children especially when I was little. Parents are the first teachers for every person born into the world. That is, whatever is done by the parent will always be followed by their children. Thus, parents who have a strong role to change the character of their children into good or bad, a teenager who specializes reading or lazy to read, and so forth.
Friends as teenagers also have the opportunity to determine the character himself. Relatively young age was able to determine their own choices, including determining itself as an active and avid reader or another. Some of the teens have already started thinking his future, has the desire, and also has a sense of fear of losing something he wanted. A teenager who has the desire and aspiration to be a scientist for example, wishes and aspirations must be driven by the excitement of science. Thus, among the key form the teenager who liked to read is how these teenagers INTA on knowledge.
The teacher in the success of learning activities was no doubt. The main task of a teacher in addition to carrying out learning, also provide guidance and direction to his students. Teachers should always give directions how her students become people who love to read. People who like reading will multiply his knowledge too.
Baca Lanjutan : The Importance Of Reading For Teens Muslim»»
Reading is the need of every human being to increase and the liver and Wasilah as a means to gain knowledge. So, reading is one of the largest window for the entry of a knowledge of themselves my friends. Imam al-Shafi'I had delivered one stanza in his poem "learn! No one born in a state of knowledge, people who have the knowledge is not the same as those that eliminate ignorance itself, including the self-friends as a teenager. My friends were born from the womb of a mother with no knowledge at all equipped. My friends were packed hearing, sight, silly.
Imam al-Jarnuji quoting the opinion which confirms that success in learning is very dependent on the persistence of three people: his own friends, teachers and parents. Parents have a role to make a character of their children especially when I was little. Parents are the first teachers for every person born into the world. That is, whatever is done by the parent will always be followed by their children. Thus, parents who have a strong role to change the character of their children into good or bad, a teenager who specializes reading or lazy to read, and so forth.
Friends as teenagers also have the opportunity to determine the character himself. Relatively young age was able to determine their own choices, including determining itself as an active and avid reader or another. Some of the teens have already started thinking his future, has the desire, and also has a sense of fear of losing something he wanted. A teenager who has the desire and aspiration to be a scientist for example, wishes and aspirations must be driven by the excitement of science. Thus, among the key form the teenager who liked to read is how these teenagers INTA on knowledge.
The teacher in the success of learning activities was no doubt. The main task of a teacher in addition to carrying out learning, also provide guidance and direction to his students. Teachers should always give directions how her students become people who love to read. People who like reading will multiply his knowledge too.
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