Basic Concepts Work Safety And Health

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background
Occupational safety and health difilosofikan as a thought and effort to ensure the integrity and perfection of both physical and spiritual labor in particular and mankind in general, and cultural work towards a prosperous and prosperous society. While understanding the science is a science and its application in udaha prevent the possibility of accidents and illness due to work. Occupational health and safety (K3) can not be separated with both production processes and industrial services. Of development after Indonesia's independence led to the consequences of increasing the intensity of work also resulted in increased risk of accidents in the workplace. It would also result in increased demand for higher prevent accidents in the various forms and types of accident. Accordingly, the development progress is then implemented Law No. 14 of 1969 the main frame of the next labor changes to Law No. 12 of 2003 on labor.
In article 86 of Law No. 13 in 2003, stated that any work or labor has the right to the protection of occupational health and safety, morals and ethics and treatment in accordance with the dignity and religious values.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Prevention is the most effective
Two of the biggest things is the cause of working kecelakanaan namely unsafe behaviors and environmental conditions are not safe, according to data from the Bureau of Manpower Training, the cause of the accident had occurred so far are caused by unsafe behavior as follows:
1. Careless and imprudent
2. Does not comply with peratutan
3. Did not follow standard work procedures
4. Do not use self protection devices
5. The condition of weak entity
The percentage of occupational accidents causing 3% due to the cause can not be avoided (such as natural disasters), but it was 24% due to environmental or equipment that do not qualify and 73% due to unsafe behavior. Effective way to prevent accidents is to avoid the occurrence of five unsafe behavior mentioned above.

B. Type of Accident In Some Industrial Sector
Manufacturing (including electronics, metal production, etc.)
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Contact with hazardous wok
7. Fell, rolled
8. Fall of goods from the
9. Strong impact
10. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
Electronics (Manufacturing)
1. Cut, cut
2. Crushed, run over
3. Contact with chemicals
4. Gas leak
5. The decreasing of the hearing, eyesight

Metal Production (Manufacturing)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Fall, slip

Petrochemical (oil and coal production, rubber production, rubber production, plastics production)
1. Squeezed, crushed
2. Cut, cut, cut
3. Fall slip
4. Improper act
5. Hit
6. Strong impact

Construction
1. Fall slip
2. Fall of goods from the
3. Stepped
4. Affected goods collapsed, collapse
5. Exposed to hot temperatures, cold temperatures
6. Fall, tumble
7. Squeezed, crushed
8. Hit
9. Improper act
10. Strong impact
Production of transportation equipment repair field
1. Squeezed, oppressed
2. Punctured, cut, cut
3. Blast

C. Education Safety and Health
The goal of education health and safety is to prevent the accident, an effective way to prevent accidents is taking appropriate measures for labor and equipment, so that workers have the concept of occupational health and safety to prevent accidents.
Destination occupational health and safety to protect health workers, improve working efficiency, prevent the occurrence of occupational accidents and diseases.
Various safety and health at work
1. Anticipating the existence of the factors causing the danger and to take reasonable precautions before.
2. Understanding the types of hazards in the workplace.
3. Evaluating the level of danger in the workplace.
4. Controlling the occurrence of danger or complications.

Regulations concerning safety and health of workers who primarily safety and health law labor law and the detailed implementation of safety and health of workers.
Factors that cause common hazardous
1. Types of chemical hazards: inhalation or skin of contact between the liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons and ash, gas, steam steam, smoke and poisonous dew.
2. Hazards of physics: an environment hot and cold temperature, environment radiating ionizing and non ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Human danger because of the project: lighting and lighting that is less, the danger of transport, and the danger posed by the equipment.

How to control the threat of health hazards
1. Control techniques: changing work procedures, closing isolating hazardous materials, using automation work, using wet workings and ventilation air changes.
2. Administrative control: reducing the exposure time, arrange health and safety rules, wearing protective equipment, installing warning signs, make a list of materials data is safe, doing emergency training penangganan system.
3. Monitoring health: health checks

Why it is necessary to health and safety education work?
According to H. W. Heinrich, cause of work accidents are common unsafe behavior of 88%, environmental conditions are not safe for 10%, or both of the above occur simultaneously. Therefore, the implementation of safety training and health workers can prevent unsafe behavior and improve the environmental conditions are not safe.
For training purposes workforce have the knowledge and ability to prevent occupational accidents, developed the concept and habit of the importance of safety and health, to understand that there are dangers in the workplace and uses workplace accident prevention measures. Regulations that need to be obeyed Act Occupational Safety and Health arranged for labor, worker health and safety and training managers must follow safety and health. Object of education and training of work safety and health:
1. Officer safety and health
2. The manager of the operational safety and health
3. Machine operators and equipment is dangerous
4. Special operators
5. General operators
6. Officer examiners working environment conditions
7. Estimate of construction safety officer
8. Officers estimate the safety of production processes
9. Rescue
10. New labor or before labor get a job rotation.

Schedule and content of training programs tailored training objects with rules regarding the schedule and content of training programs. Principle analysis of occupational safety and health for the cause of all the layers, common layer to the basic cause, fully searchable, so it can be seen the core causes and make improvements.
Accident prevention work to prevent accidents, prior to beginning the introduction of hazards in the workplace, estimation, three-step control, in recognition of the danger to the confirmation
existence of hazards in the workplace, decide the influence of danger; in estimating there are known dangers to workers under threat of exposure or possible exposure, confirm whether exposure levels in accordance with the rules, understand the control equipment or whether the management measures according to the requirements; in controlling hazards need to be done controlling the source of danger, the danger of control lines, the additional control of exposure labor, establish security procedures.
Action handling after kecelakaan employment on Labor Protection Law and Accident Compensation, business owners at the start of labor use, should help workers to apply for employment insurance participation, to ensure workplace safety tenga. In addition, after a work accident, business owners must provide subsidies accident, when business owners do not sign up workforce participating labor insurance in accordance with the Employment Standards Act, the business owner will be fined.



D. Data Safety and Health in Industrial Electronics
a. Electronics Industry Characteristics
Characteristics of the electronic industry is operating the machinery or equipment with greater energy, machinery or equipment can operate automatically or semi-automatic or operated by using corrosive chemicals. Occupational accidents that occurred divided into 3 risk groups, namely: chemical hazards, physical hazards and ergonomic hazards.
1. Chemical hazards: inhalation or skin contact with liquid metal, liquid non-metal, hydrocarbons, dust, vapor steam, smoke, toxic gases and moisture.
2. Physical Hazards: temperature extremes of hot environments cool, non-ionizing radiation and ionizing, noise, vibration and air pressure is not normal.
3. Ergonomic hazards: hazards due to lack of lighting, work transportation and equipment.

b. Case Analysis
Eleltronik industrial equipment mostly high voltage electricity, which caused the accident rate is different. From the selected sample cases below, a lot of accidents resulting in death was trapped and crushed. Other types of accidents can also cause serious accidents. With the example case below is expected to make business owners and workers understand the importance of occupational safety and health. Three stages cause of the accident which will be analyzed:
1. Common cause: the main cause of accidents resulting in occupational safety and health.
2. Causes detail: the causes leading to the common cause.
3. Main cause of: the most basic causes leading to accidents.

After each stage of the causes described, will be given an additional explanation about the environmental conditions are not safe and unsafe behavior.
 Unsafe environment: business owners do not provide the equipment and safe procedures for working environment, work schedules are not appropriate, and training of occupational safety and health is not efficient, and so forth.
 Behavior that is not work safe: a consequence of the absence of safety culture and health, workers who do not comply with applicable procedures, and the attitude of the heart lack of attention in the work.

Classification on the outline done, in some situations can occur at the same accident, based on the point of discussion could produce different things, so that the flexible scope.
The last section is given some strategies to improve the situation improved quality of working environment and increase productivity.

c. Pinch Crushed
Case Title: Death that occurs because the carrier machine crushed raw material storage area melanism. Operators Female, 25 years, 1.5 years work experience working task in to add a liquid drug reservoirs melanism time in May of X at about 5 pm the scene of the production line equipment or object that caused the accident carriers machines raw materials, machinery stanchion carrying the sequence of events.
On a day around 4:30-5:00 pm, a manager of an electronics company production was on an inspection tour in melanism production line, everything went normal. In the evening hours of 9:20, when he conducted an inspection again, through the front door looks the production line workers have melanism reservoirs sandwiched between the basic raw material delivery machine and the pole, his face
leads to drug liquid bath, through the operation of the machine, he eventually can be moved and taken to the hospital to get help, 1 hour later the victim died. Melanism production lines in length 11 meters, 2.1 meters wide. Equipment used is a machine that works automatically, the line consists of bath water washing, acid washing tub, melanism reservoirs and other tub.
Along the right side and left there like a pole 10 x 10 cm every 2 meters distance. Walking path made against the pole with a distance of 1.8 meters from the floor and raw material delivery machine operating in the running lane.

Common Cause
1. Production line does not have security isolation equipment (figure 2.2). (unsafe environment)
2. No help or supervise the workers, the whole point there is only a worker who works alone.
3. There is no safety and health supervisor who did the inspection work. (unsafe environment).
4. Does not provide safety training and health to workers, knowledge workers will be safety and health is still lacking. (unsafe behavior).
5. No set rules safety and health in order to be obeyed by the workers. (unsafe behavior). Causes detailed 1. Business owners do not provide safety equipment and adequate health. (unsafe environment).
 Provision of a lack of manpower made it impossible to work 2 people working together. (unsafe environment).
 The company is not large (small amount of labor) that does not meet the regulatory supervision of the establishment of occupational health and safety and the lack of oversight in the workplace. (unsafe environment).
 The company ignored the importance of training health and safety and do not provide track information relating to occupational safety and health. (unsafe environment).

Main Causes
1. The Company does not have the manpower allocation planning is detailed in each section. (An unsafe environment).
2. Knowledge of the importance of occupational health and safety at the company is not sufficient. (environmental and unsafe behavior).

Control Strategy
1. Officers formed part of occupational health and safety and to check equipment and routine operation.
2. Workers are required to follow safety and health training and include examples of work this case as subject matter, knowledge workers will increase the safety and health in order to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents.
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform inspections in strict working procedures.
5. Planning manpower allocation.
6. Making safety devices and equipment insulation otomastis stopping in an emergency, etc., so that workers have protective equipment.

Pinch crushed
Case Title: Deaths due to squeezed vacuum the bottom sheet when the switching machine operators operate a deputy supervisor surnamed Shen and a technician named Cien Duty 2 people working the switching engine to operate at the same sheet, using a knife to cut the copper sheet in July in time about an hour X 6:40 pm the scene of the production line equipment or objects that caused the accident which hampered knife, suction device on the copper sheet
mover machine sheet sequence of events in an IT company (Industry and Technology), a technician named Cien which was originally located in the coating of glue, on a night to operate the transfer sheet together with an assistant engineer surnamed Chai. Around 06:40 hours, Shen deputy superintendent engineer (the victim surnamed Shen) transfer working Chai assistant engineer to check the sheet, then deputy superintendent was to operate the sheet mover with this technician.
Within tens of minutes, they cut more than 20 pieces of copper, about 7 hours they use knives to cut the copper sheet, simultaneously hampered at the bottom of copper sheet (the reason may be due to hampered cutting corners or blade has a blunt, a knife about about 70-80 pieces of cut copper, after which it must be replaced with a new blade, if not then the knives will be hampered in the bottom of copper sheet having a blunt).
Cien technicians pulled the knife and started cutting the copper sheet again, deputy superintendent Shen knife may be too late, but it was because he had put a nylon cord to the hole and drive the automatic lift, because they want to save time, she put her head under vacuum tool to install knife, finally his head stuck in the bottom tool suction sheet forklift moving down to take 13ke copper sheet (figure 2.3). Because the new Cien technicians moved to the 3-day working area of the switching machine, he did not master the workings of these machines, so that at the time immediately called for assistance of other workers to operate the transfer sheet and help supervisors Shen representatives, but representatives of the supervisory pulse had stopped breathing and broken lines. Stages common cause causes Description
1. On the sheet forklift accidents are not easily installed means of isolation precautions to separate the workers approached the machine. (unsafe environment).
2. Knife hampered by machines and can not be immediately released. (unsafe environment).
3. Emergency button does not appear prominently, so that technicians could not immediately Cien pressing the button to stop the machine. (unsafe environment).
4. Deputy superintendent has the wrong view of occupational health and safety, making machines that had become semi-automatic and automatic operation of the body near the machine area. (unsafe behavior).

Detailed Causes
1. Business owners do not provide safety and health are adequate. (unsafe environment).
2. The blunt knife very easily hindered, does not require equipment providers to redesign how machines work. (unsafe environment).
3. Supervisors in automated production lines did not stop the unsafe behavior of representatives supervisor Shen. (unsafe environment).


Analysis
Main Causes
1. The Company does not install insulation equipment where accidents happen easily. (unsafe environment)
2. The Company does not have a policy requiring the job to work in accordance with work procedures or equipment repair. (unsafe behavior).
3. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior).

Strategy
Control
1. It really runs the supervision of work, eliminate the causes of unsafe behavior and unsafe environment.
2. Provide education and training of occupational health and safety in the field of work is needed to pekerjaa. And put this case in the subject matter, in order to increase knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent similar accidents
3. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented mandatory.
4. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly
5. Creating a separate protection equipment and machinery, and emergency stopping devices, etc., as a means of protection for officers.
6. Running the system of rewards and punishment, forcing the work to comply with the standard procedures of work
7. Improve operating procedures and equipment cutting blades eliminate problems that hampered the copper sheet.
8. Tools exploiters forklift flat base sheet.

E. Hit
Case Title: Deaths due to hit hanger tool automatically when the PCB with nickel melapisis service officer male, 25 years of work tasks on an inspection tour in BGA PCB production line in April in time X about 8 am Area scene in the automatic production line equipment or objects accident causing an automatic machine hanger.
The sequence of events in one day about 8 o'clock, supervisors A and B working together on an inspection tour at the point p [BGA PCB coating roduksi with nickel. Worker B gets a phone call that went to the office in front of the raw material income areas to take the call. Approximately 2 minutes later, he returned to the area earlier in the production line and see the inspector A has been lying facedown on the floor near the water washing bath area, his head bleeding, his head facing down and his feet were on the floor next to the security network, covered the back of a safety net. After that he immediately sent to the hospital to get help, but can not be saved and died.

Stages Causes Description
Common Cause
1. Entering the area of automatic operation without turning off the engine first, this is an unsafe behavior, can be seen the concept of occupational safety and health is not good enough. (behavior that is not secure)
2. Production line has no other supervisors, and not equipped with recording equipment. (unsafe environment)


Analysis
Detailed Causes
1. Lack the concept of job safety and health enough so as to bring himself in a dangerous area. (unsafe behavior).
2. The Company does not install an alarm warning of abnormal conditions, in order to prevent people who are not interested in entering the operations area. (Unsafe environment)

Main Causes
1. The Company does not force the workers to obey the standard procedures of work. (behavior that is not secure)
2. The Company has no knowledge of the importance of safety knowledge of the importance of occupational safety and health and adequate training. (environmental and unsafe behavior)

Strategy
Control
1. Job training required occupational health and safety and includes examples of this case as subject matter, increasing knowledge of work safety and health will work to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents
2. Establish safety rules and appropriate health and escaped censorship by the relevant agencies feasibility, and then announced and implemented in a mandatory
3. Part of occupational safety and health training and perform the inspection procedures are strictly


 
CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
The cases of accidents, probably caused by an unsafe environment or unsafe behavior. Both business owners and work together to actualize the job safety and health, work all the time to report on the causes of unsafe work environment for business owners, business owners responsible for environmental improvement, correcting the behavior of insecure workers. This concept depends on the education and training of occupational safety and health in the long term, to form the safety culture and health, improving working conditions completely, become good corporate figures, so that they can help each other create jobs, ensure smooth production, achieving zero accident.

B. Advice
Gratitude to the lecturers health courses that have been given the task of this paper to me. In the preparation of this paper the author realized that there are still many things that were not clear whether it dlaam collecting material and in the writing of this paper. Therefore, authors are expected ktitikan, input / suggestions from all parties who are building for the completeness of this paper. Thanks